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Characterization and Assessment of Natural Amazonian Clays for Cosmetics-Industry Applications
- Antonio Claudio Kieling, Cláudia Cândida Silva, Sérgio Duvoisin Júnior, José Costa de Macedo Neto, Miécio de Oliveira Melquíades, Gilberto Garcia del Pino, Yago Ono de Souza Moreira, Túlio Hallak Panzera, Maria das Graças da Silva Valenzuela, Francisco Rolando Valenzuela Diáz
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- Clays and Clay Minerals / Volume 70 / Issue 5 / October 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 January 2024, pp. 780-795
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Clays are abundant materials in the Amazon region and have been used historically by ancient Amazonian people to produce ceramic and cosmetics products. The current study aimed to evaluate the potential of four clays from the metropolitan area of Manaus, each with a different color, for cosmetics applications. Two clays were collected in the Ponta Negra region (red and gray in color) in Manaus, one in Careiro (white), and one in Itacoatiara (black). After drying in an oven for 24 h at 105°C, the four clays were characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetry (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle-size analysis, and detection of microorganisms. The amounts of Al, Si, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Fe, Zn, P, and S in all samples were below the limits for use in cosmetics. The main phases identified were kaolinite 1A, quartz, gibbsite, and the rare kaolinite 2M. Approximately 40 wt.% of each sample was in the < 20 μm particle-size range. Analyses by SEM revealed pseudo-hexagonal kaolinite structures with nano-islands and nanocrystallites. The low toxicity, mineralogic compositions, and particle-size findings suggest that Amazonian clays are promising for cosmetics applications.
A new specialist group for Brazilian fungi
- Elisandro Ricardo Drechsler-Santos, Francisco J. Simões Calaça, Kelmer Martins-Cunha, Diogo H. Costa-Rezende, Jadson D.P. Bezerra, Larissa Trierveiler-Pereira, Nelson Menolli, Jr., Luciana Canêz, Tiara S. Cabral, Cátia Canteiro, Gregory M. Mueller
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92 - Concerning the treaty that King Enrique and King Fernando drew up against the King of Aragon and the conditions in it
- Edited by Amélia Hutchinson, University of Georgia, Teresa Amado, Juliet Perkins, King's College London, Philip Krummrich, Morehead State University, Kentucky
- Translated by Clive Willis, Iona McCleery, Francisco Fernandes, Shirley Clarke
- Introduction by Rita Costa-Gomes
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- Book:
- The Chronicles of Fernão Lopes
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
- Published online:
- 10 January 2024
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- 20 June 2023, pp 165-167
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Let us say no more about this and return to the deeds of the kings. You heard earlier, when reading the chapter on the flight of King Enrique after he lost the battle of Nájera, how King Pedro and the Prince of Wales made an agreement of friendship with the King of Aragon to prevent King Enrique from finding shelter in his lands. For this reason, when King Enrique later prepared to return to Castile, the King of Aragon sent a message to tell him that he could not pass through his kingdom and that if he tried he would forcibly block his way. King Enrique was very unhappy about this, but he got through to Castile as we have described. From that time to this, we have not found any peace treaties signed by them; rather, it seems to us that they were always at odds.
In the year 1374, the Prince of Mallorca, who was the nephew of the King of Aragon, being the son of his sister, was then King of Naples by right of Queen Giovanna whom he had married. He fought Aragon over the kingdom of Mallorca which belonged to him after the death of King Jaume, its former king, who was removed from the throne by King Pere, then King of Aragon. King Enrique's grievance against the King of Aragon meant that he knew some of his men had entered parts of Aragon in order to help the King of Naples, but he did not blame them, saying that they did it through their own choice, not on his orders; from which it appears that he did not mean well towards the King of Aragon. King Fernando, on the other hand, accused the King of Aragon of unreasonable behaviour and of doing him harm till then, in spite of the fact that we have only found records of when the King of Aragon seized the gold, about which you have heard. Therefore, while King Enrique was in Seville he ordered Fernán Fernández Escobar to go to Portugal to sign a new treaty with King Fernando over and above the agreements contained in the peace treaties we have previously described.
119 - How King Fernando ordered the officers of the marches in the Alentejo to go and fight the Castilian Master of Santiago
- Edited by Amélia Hutchinson, University of Georgia, Teresa Amado, Juliet Perkins, King's College London, Philip Krummrich, Morehead State University, Kentucky
- Translated by Clive Willis, Iona McCleery, Francisco Fernandes, Shirley Clarke
- Introduction by Rita Costa-Gomes
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- Book:
- The Chronicles of Fernão Lopes
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
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- 10 January 2024
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- 20 June 2023, pp 212-213
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King Fernando was in Santarém awaiting news when he was told that the Castilian Master of Santiago wanted to invade his kingdom, as you have heard, believing what everyone thought, namely that those great lords and soldiers who were along the frontiers would confront him. With regard to this, some say that, when Master Fernando Osórez, who was a very noble knight, was to make that incursion, he sent word to all those who were officers of the marches in that district to be prepared, because he wanted to enter the country on a certain day; and that they all gathered to discuss it, some saying they should challenge him in battle, whilst others agreed not to do so. At this point, he entered in the manner we have recounted.
When the king heard that the Master of Santiago had made an incursion and that his men were charging through the land plundering it, he was greatly aggrieved that they had been allowed to enter in that way, but he was confident that on the way back the Portuguese would attack them. When he found out that the master had returned safely with so much booty from his land, he was greatly perturbed and ordered all the great lords and knights who were on that frontier to join forces and go to Badajoz to fight Master Fernando Osórez. He also sent Gonçalo Vasques de Azevedo, his trusted counsellor, to go and accompany them in that task. Rumour had it that he was sending him as captain over all of them and that they should follow his orders; but this was gossip and untrue, because it was neither right nor appropriate that a man such as he, however good and great he might be, should be charged with the captaincy of such great lords and noblemen as were there. However, those who believed the rumour circulating on this matter got very angry. Nonetheless, on Sunday, 7 July, all the officers of the marches gathered together in Vila Viçosa, and Gonçalo Vasques de Azevedo with them. In all, there were some 1,000 worthy lances and many archers and foot soldiers.
118 - How Count Álvaro Pérez made a raid on Badajoz and what happened to him and the city defenders
- Edited by Amélia Hutchinson, University of Georgia, Teresa Amado, Juliet Perkins, King's College London, Philip Krummrich, Morehead State University, Kentucky
- Translated by Clive Willis, Iona McCleery, Francisco Fernandes, Shirley Clarke
- Introduction by Rita Costa-Gomes
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- Book:
- The Chronicles of Fernão Lopes
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- Boydell & Brewer
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- 10 January 2024
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- 20 June 2023, pp 211-212
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We have not found anything worthy of recounting about what the Portuguese officers of the marches might have done while the masters [of Santiago and Alcántara] entered Portugal except perhaps that Count Álvaro Pérez de Castro, who was in Elvas as officer of the marches, ordered a raid to be made on Badajoz. He spoke to Gil Fernandes, who lived in Elvas and whom we mentioned in our account of the war against King Enrique, beseeching him to accompany him and not to leave him, and Gil Fernandes so promised him.
Then they made ready and rushed towards the town. The mounted raiders went ahead, and the count remained behind in ambush with Gil Fernandes and some of the armed men. The city was well supplied with defenders, many of whom charged out at the Portuguese and put them in great danger. When Gil Fernandes saw them advancing like that, he at once addressed the count, ‘My lord, we must not allow the harm that our horsemen are suffering. Let’s rush to help them instead, before more harm is done.’
Slowly the count began to go about it, but Gil Fernandes mounted immediately with twenty horsemen who wanted to follow him, and told a squire called Gil Vasques Barbudo, with whom he had had rash words in the presence of the count, ‘Come here, Gil Vasques, for I now want to see how men are different from women.’
When the count saw this, he said to Gil Fernandes, ‘It looks as if you do not quite remember what you promised me. You did say you would not leave me.’
‘My lord,’ he replied, ‘this is not the time to hold on to such a promise, for we can see that our men are having a rough time and we are just watching.’ Then he departed at all speed and reached the horsemen, urging them on as much as he could. They all fought in such a way that they made the Castilians turn back against their will, forcing them to ford the Guadiana. Quite a lot of them were wounded during the crossing; the Portuguese drove them back inside through the gates of the town and then returned to Elvas.
169 - How King Fernando ordered people to go to Castile to receive the vows of allegiance because of the treaties, and who were the men who made them
- Edited by Amélia Hutchinson, University of Georgia, Teresa Amado, Juliet Perkins, King's College London, Philip Krummrich, Morehead State University, Kentucky
- Translated by Clive Willis, Iona McCleery, Francisco Fernandes, Shirley Clarke
- Introduction by Rita Costa-Gomes
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- Book:
- The Chronicles of Fernão Lopes
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
- Published online:
- 10 January 2024
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- 20 June 2023, pp 286-288
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After the Thursday when her daughter was received by King Juan and taken to Badajoz, as we have related, Queen Leonor remained in Elvas for eleven days. On the morning of 30 May, which was a Tuesday, she left the town with a large escort, as when she had arrived there, although she sent many nobles back to their own lands. She went to dine in Borba that day and stayed overnight. In the course of the journey, the Master of Avis led her mount by the rein. They spoke of a number of things, and she asked the Master, ‘Tell me, brother, what do you think of the King of Castile, and the way he has acted and behaved?’
‘He seems to me to be a worthy knight,’ said the Master, ‘with good manners and prudent in his actions.’
‘You are right, brother,’ she said, ‘but I have to admit that I wish he was more manly.’
The queen moved on and went to Almada, where she already knew that King Fernando was staying, and that his health had deteriorated since she had left him. Indeed, whilst she was taking her daughter to Elvas, the king, whose condition was becoming increasingly worse, had ordered that he be taken from Salvaterra to Almada; he did not go out any more or ride his horse. When the queen returned from the marriage ceremony, the people who had travelled with her left immediately and returned to their own lands, except for the Count of Ourém, Count Gonçalo, Gonçalo Vasques de Azevedo and a number of others who lived there.
In the agreements signed by the kings when this marriage took place, it was decided that other oaths and pledges should be made by certain towns and cities, as well as by prelates and noblemen of Castile, before King Juan left for Elvas to receive his wife, in addition to the ones which were made in Badajoz when the king gave his approval to the treaties, which we have already mentioned. This was to be done in the Cortes that King Juan was going to summon. Therefore, King Fernando immediately decided to send his proctor to Castile, so that he could receive the oaths and pledges of allegiance in his own name and that of the queen, his wife.
8 - Concerning the reply that King Enrique sent to the prince's letter
- Edited by Amélia Hutchinson, University of Georgia, Teresa Amado, Juliet Perkins, King's College London, Philip Krummrich, Morehead State University, Kentucky
- Translated by Clive Willis, Iona McCleery, Francisco Fernandes, Shirley Clarke
- Introduction by Rita Costa-Gomes
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- Book:
- The Chronicles of Fernão Lopes
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
- Published online:
- 10 January 2024
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- 20 June 2023, pp 25-26
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When King Enrique saw this letter, he received the herald well and gave him lengths of cloth of gold and doblas. He took advice as to how he should reply to the prince, because some were saying that, as he had not addressed him as a king, he should write back to him in an uncustomary manner. But they then agreed to write to him courteously, and the letter read as follows:
Don Enrique, by the grace of God King of Castile and León, to the most high and most powerful Prince Edward, first-born son of the King of England, Prince of Wales and of Guyenne, Duke of Cornwall and Earl of Chester. From your herald we have received your letter containing many arguments put forward by our opponent who is there with you. It seems to us that you have not been well informed, because in times past he governed these kingdoms in such a manner that all those who know or hear about it are amazed at the length of time people suffered under his rule. All the inhabitants of the realms of Castile and León have endured his actions till now, undergoing great harm, travail, deaths, dangers and other afflictions which it would take long to relate and which they have become incapable of concealing or tolerating any further. God by His mercy took pity on all the inhabitants of these kingdoms, so that this great evil should not continue. While nobody on King Pedro's land did anything but duly obey him, and when everybody was with him in Burgos to serve him and to help him to defend his kingdoms, God's verdict went against him, King Pedro of his own free will abandoned them and left. Everybody under his rule was delighted at this, maintaining that God had shown great mercy in freeing them from the harsh and perilous domination that they had undergone.
All the inhabitants of these kingdoms, prelates, nobles, knights and citizens, came to us of their own free will and accepted us as their lord and king, so that we understand from these events that this was the work of God. Therefore, as this kingdom was given to us by the will of God and of all who dwell therein, you cannot have any reason to trouble us.
156 - How the English found out that a peace had been negotiated, and how the hostages were exchanged
- Edited by Amélia Hutchinson, University of Georgia, Teresa Amado, Juliet Perkins, King's College London, Philip Krummrich, Morehead State University, Kentucky
- Translated by Clive Willis, Iona McCleery, Francisco Fernandes, Shirley Clarke
- Introduction by Rita Costa-Gomes
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- Book:
- The Chronicles of Fernão Lopes
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
- Published online:
- 10 January 2024
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- 20 June 2023, pp 266-268
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The count and Gonçalo Vasques reached Elvas and told the King of Portugal all that had taken place with the King of Castile. The king laughed and said that he thought all that had been pretence, to show that the King of Castile was conceding such things against his will, since they did not do him much honour. Straight away, that day, he ordered the peace to be proclaimed. When the English heard it proclaimed, they could not have been more angry, laid their bascinets on the ground and hacked at them with maces, saying that the king had betrayed and deceived them, causing them to come from their country to fight his enemies, and now he was making peace with them against their will.
When the Earl of Cambridge heard peace proclaimed, he said in a rage that, if the king had negotiated peace with the Castilians, he, the earl, had not, and that, if he had his troops assembled, as when he had first arrived in Lisbon, notwithstanding the king ordering peace to be proclaimed, he would join battle with the King of Castile. At this, so many arguments flared up again that some people spoke out improperly against the king, to which Pero Lourenço de Távora responded as was befitting.
The king told him that he should take no notice of their arguments nor should there be any brawling, telling them that he would make sure they were satisfied and send them back to their country as honourably as they came. He did so afterwards, but not for everybody, since a large number of them had died in this kingdom. Then it was arranged for the hostages to be delivered from one side to the other, as was set out in the treaty.
On the part of Portugal, six hostages were delivered to Castile: a daughter of the Count of Barcelos; a daughter of Count Dom Gonçalo, called Dona Inês, who was later married to João Fernandes Pacheco; another daughter of Count Enrique [Manuel], called Dona Branca, who was later married to Rui Vasques Coutinho, the son of Beatriz Gonçalves de Moura and Vasco Fernandes Coutinho; Martinho, the son of Gonçalo Vasques de Azevedo; Vasco, the son of João Gonçalves Teixeira; and, lastly, a son of Álvaro Gonçalves de Moura, called Lopo.
76 - How Vasco Martins de Melo and his son Gonçalo Vasques were taken captive in a skirmish
- Edited by Amélia Hutchinson, University of Georgia, Teresa Amado, Juliet Perkins, King's College London, Philip Krummrich, Morehead State University, Kentucky
- Translated by Clive Willis, Iona McCleery, Francisco Fernandes, Shirley Clarke
- Introduction by Rita Costa-Gomes
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- Book:
- The Chronicles of Fernão Lopes
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
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- 10 January 2024
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- 20 June 2023, pp 135-136
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The men of the King of Castile were lodging in the monasteries and throughout the city as they pleased, having found all the houses unprotected, with many goods and tools in them, because their owners had not had time, when they took refuge behind the old city wall, to keep everything and take it all along, but rather only those things that they could most easily gather up, as we have said. Many Christians and Jews hid those of their belongings that they could not take with them in wells; when the Castilians found out about this, they fished for the goods with grappling hooks, and collected all they could, along with many other things that they later took with them when they departed.
Since all the men were lodging very close to the city wall, there were frequent skirmishes, and men were wounded and taken prisoner on both sides. Thus was made captive Vasco Martins de Melo, whose responsibility was to guard the Sea Gate. He went forth one day to skirmish with Juan Duque, who was guarding the slaughterhouses nearby. Vasco Martins believed that all the men he had with him were going out with him, but some failed him at that moment. Juan Duque went forth against him with a strong company, and Vasco Martins was wounded and knocked to the ground while defending himself. At this point, his son Gonçalo Vasques came up to prevent them from killing him, and they went on defending themselves until both were wounded and taken captive, and Juan Duque took them both away as prisoners to his lodging.
The next day, Diogo Lopes Pacheco came to see Vasco Martins, and they exchanged very harsh words. Vasco Martins told him that it was because of his plotting and manoeuvring that King Enrique had started this war and come to attack Lisbon. Moreover, other unpleasant words were exchanged between them at that time. King Fernando, learning of the way in which Vasco Martins and his son were taken prisoner, sent to Sines for Pedro Fernández Cabeza de Vaca, who had been captured in that town in one of the Castilian galleys that had run ashore on the coast there in a storm when they were passing that way. They exchanged him for Vasco Martins and his son, and thus they were released and were at liberty.
38 - How a number of Portuguese officers of the marches fought against the Castilians and what happened to each one of them
- Edited by Amélia Hutchinson, University of Georgia, Teresa Amado, Juliet Perkins, King's College London, Philip Krummrich, Morehead State University, Kentucky
- Translated by Clive Willis, Iona McCleery, Francisco Fernandes, Shirley Clarke
- Introduction by Rita Costa-Gomes
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- Book:
- The Chronicles of Fernão Lopes
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
- Published online:
- 10 January 2024
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- 20 June 2023, pp 69-70
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Shortly afterwards, Gonçalo Mendes de Vasconcelos arrived at Elvas as officer of the marches and requested Gil Fernandes to join him in an attack on Badajoz, to which the latter agreed. He added, however, that he understood that there were so many troops in the town that it would be impossible to avoid conflict with them. He should, therefore, ensure that all those whom he took with him from Elvas were well disciplined. He would attack Badajoz with forty horsemen at a place known as Torre de las Palomas [Pigeon Tower]; the noblemen who were inside would sally forth against him, and he would draw them away to the point where battle was to be joined.
Having planned it in this way, Gil Fernandes made his attack, and from that place many troops emerged, both horsemen and foot soldiers; he duly challenged them in order to draw them away to the spot where they were to join in battle. On reaching Gonçalo Mendes, he began to call out in a loud voice that they should all strive mightily, as this was their great day. Indeed, Gil Fernandes's horse already bore in its forehead the iron tip of a lance, along with a length of its shaft, yet it continued in this fashion throughout the battle.
The Castilians came up, and both sides joined in battle. Such was the misfortune of a knight from Badajoz, Fernán Sánchez by name, who was the nobleman of greatest standing in that town, that a foot soldier, who was a Lisbon butcher and known as Lourencinho, struck his horse on the foreleg with his cleaver, with the result that it at once toppled to the ground with him, Fernán Sánchez, and another knight from Toledo, causing the same to happen to other valiant knights, who met their deaths there. The remaining troops fled back to Badajoz, which lay close by, and they were pursued as far as it was possible to do so. The Portuguese then made their way back to Elvas, greatly pleased at their victory.
69 - Concerning the reply which King Fernando gave to the bishop, and how the bishop took his leave and departed
- Edited by Amélia Hutchinson, University of Georgia, Teresa Amado, Juliet Perkins, King's College London, Philip Krummrich, Morehead State University, Kentucky
- Translated by Clive Willis, Iona McCleery, Francisco Fernandes, Shirley Clarke
- Introduction by Rita Costa-Gomes
-
- Book:
- The Chronicles of Fernão Lopes
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
- Published online:
- 10 January 2024
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- 20 June 2023, pp 123-125
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King Fernando, who had clearly foreseen the arguments which the bishop would inevitably raise with him and the accusations which he was bound to bring against him, since he was only too well aware of them, had already prepared an answer to excuse himself. Accordingly, he did not ask for an interval in which to take advice but replied at once as follows:
‘I had good reason for doing everything which I have done. Had I done more, nobody could begrudge me for doing so, because it was not I who broke the treaties, but King Enrique who broke them against me first. Such were the contents of the message which I sent to him through Martín Pérez, a doctor in canon law and chancellor of his son Prince Juan, when he came to see me on his behalf about this matter. That is because, some six months after the treaties were signed, that doctor came to see me at Tentúgal, where I was at the time, and where he told me and urged me to acknowledge that I knew well the treaties and agreements which in the name of peace had been signed between King Enrique and me and how they had been prolonged beyond due time because of certain issues which were in both our interests, namely the mutual handover of certain places and prisoners and my marriage to Princess Leonor.
‘I answered that the King of Castile was well aware that I had already fulfilled what I had undertaken to carry out, abandoning all the towns and villages which I held and handing over all the prisoners that were still held captive in my kingdom. Yet he had shown no wish to surrender to me the town of Bragança, nor the castle of Miranda, nor other places. For that reason, it was first incumbent upon him to hand over all these places, just as I had done for him. Then I would have been content to marry his daughter and to fulfil any other requirement, if I were bound to do so. Thus, I have done everything that I should have done, whereas he has not done for me what he undertook to do. That being the case, I have married the woman whom I wanted to marry and have done what I thought was in my best interests.’
60 - How the people of Lisbon spoke to the king about his marriage, and about the answer that he gave them
- Edited by Amélia Hutchinson, University of Georgia, Teresa Amado, Juliet Perkins, King's College London, Philip Krummrich, Morehead State University, Kentucky
- Translated by Clive Willis, Iona McCleery, Francisco Fernandes, Shirley Clarke
- Introduction by Rita Costa-Gomes
-
- Book:
- The Chronicles of Fernão Lopes
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
- Published online:
- 10 January 2024
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- 20 June 2023, pp 109-110
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Fame of the affection and love which possessed King Fernando in Lisbon for Dona Leonor Teles, as we have already related, spread at once throughout his kingdom: it was asserted that she was his wife, that he had slept with her, and that he had married her in secret. The way in which the king had done this greatly displeased everyone in the country: not just the grandees and noblemen who loved the honour of serving him, but also the common folk, who much resented it. The arguments of those in his Royal Council were of no avail when they said that it was inappropriate for him to marry such a woman as that, who was the wife of his vassal, just as it was for him to abandon marriages to such princesses, the daughters of kings, as he came across, specifically the daughters of the King of Aragon and the King of Castile, which would have been so honourable to him and profitable to the realm. Realizing that their counsel had no effect, they abandoned any further debate with him on the matter.
As for the people of the kingdom, they discussed this news severally in their townships and villages, gathering together in groups, as is their custom, casting blame on the king's counsellors and on the grandees of the land for allowing him to do what he had done, and adding that, as they had not told him what was the right thing to do, then it was best for the people to come together to go and tell him.
Among those who led the way in this undertaking were the people of Lisbon, where the king then was. Their discussions took their aims so far forward that after taking counsel together they agreed to tell him what they thought. They immediately elected as their leader and spokesman a tailor called Fernão Vasques, who was a sensible man and very suitable for the task. On a given day, there assembled some 3,000 of them, including artisans of all trades, as well as crossbowmen and foot soldiers. Bearing arms, they all headed for the palace where the king was staying and made a great hubbub as they debated the matter.
174 - Concerning the reply that the queen gave to the speeches made by the inhabitants of Lisbon
- Edited by Amélia Hutchinson, University of Georgia, Teresa Amado, Juliet Perkins, King's College London, Philip Krummrich, Morehead State University, Kentucky
- Translated by Clive Willis, Iona McCleery, Francisco Fernandes, Shirley Clarke
- Introduction by Rita Costa-Gomes
-
- Book:
- The Chronicles of Fernão Lopes
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
- Published online:
- 10 January 2024
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- 20 June 2023, pp 296-297
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Having omitted other matters that were raised and the replies given to them on that occasion, we only wish to tell you what the queen said in reply to those you have just heard, and nothing more. The queen began by replying in this way:
‘I can see that your intentions are good and that you have been moved to speak in this way out of devotion to God, to me and to our kingdoms. Since God has given me the task of ruling over these realms, it is my intention to take for this purpose two prelates, who must be the most honourable and most worthy of all in character. They need to be people from our own country, and not foreigners. I also intend to choose the best men for what you recommend, and as many as deemed appropriate. This will be done with the agreement of the town communities. As for the matter of where I should stay, it is not fitting that I, as your queen, should roam round the countryside hunting, as kings are accustomed to do, but I should like to settle in the places you have mentioned and here in this city, and spend time with my officials, ruling and giving confidence to the kingdom with true and rightful justice. I shall endeavour to give audiences on the days that I deem necessary and shall ensure that all decisions taken will be seen and approved by all, or at least, by their majority.
‘With reference to what you said about Jewish officials, I assure you that I have always felt that Jews should not be permitted to hold office in this kingdom. During the time of my liege lord the king, I tried hard to prevent them having such positions. As I did not succeed in this while he was alive, when the king died, I immediately dismissed the treasurer and the customs receiver general in this city, and also all the Jewish tax-collectors and officials, as you are well aware. I have no intention of giving them back their jobs, or any other posts, or entrusting my revenues to them, because even if they do give me a greater return than the Christians, I would rather lose money than give my revenues to the Jews and go against justice and good practice.
57 - How King Fernando fell in love with Dona Leonor Teles and secretly married her
- Edited by Amélia Hutchinson, University of Georgia, Teresa Amado, Juliet Perkins, King's College London, Philip Krummrich, Morehead State University, Kentucky
- Translated by Clive Willis, Iona McCleery, Francisco Fernandes, Shirley Clarke
- Introduction by Rita Costa-Gomes
-
- Book:
- The Chronicles of Fernão Lopes
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
- Published online:
- 10 January 2024
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- 20 June 2023, pp 104-106
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Summary
During the reigns of King Afonso IV and of his son King Pedro, there existed in Portugal only one count, namely the Count of Barcelos. The rank of count was given by the aforesaid King Pedro to Dom João Afonso Telo, whom we have already mentioned. Dom João Afonso had a son, who was the Count of Viana and was married to a daughter of João Rodrigues Portocarreiro, and had by her a son, Count Pedro by name, who became governor of the city of Ceuta during the reign of the most noble King João, as you will hear in due course.
Count João Afonso Telo had a brother, Martim Afonso Telo by name, who in turn had two sons and three daughters. His sons were Dom João Afonso Telo, who was the Count of Barcelos, and Count Gonçalo, who was the Count of Neiva and Faria. As for his daughters, a bastard daughter by the name of Dona Joana was the Commander of the Monastery of Santos but abandoned that position, as she was able to do within the rules of her Order, and married João Afonso Pimentel; the next was Dona Maria Teles, married to Lopo Dias de Sousa, and the last, known as Dona Leonor Teles, was the wife of João Lourenço da Cunha, the son of Martim Lourenço da Cunha, the great lord of the estate of Pombeiro.
At that time, King Fernando being then, as we have said, a young, lighthearted and valiant man, his half-sister Princess Beatriz, the daughter of Dona Inês de Castro and of his father King Pedro, kept a great household of ladies and maidens of grand and noble lineage, because there was no queen or princess at that time whose favour they could seek. It so happened that, owing to the long-standing affection which existed between them, there arose in the king such a desire to have her as his wife that he decided that he wanted to marry her, something which before then was quite unheard of.
What more is there to be said about this? Once it had been proposed that they should seek a dispensation to marry, the frequent play and conversations between them, mingled with kisses and hugs and other amusements of a similar nature, led numbers of people to harbour the unworthy suspicion that she had already lost her honour to him.
136 - Why Gonçalo Mendes de Vasconcelos was relieved of his post as governor, and was replaced by the Prior of Crato in Lisbon
- Edited by Amélia Hutchinson, University of Georgia, Teresa Amado, Juliet Perkins, King's College London, Philip Krummrich, Morehead State University, Kentucky
- Translated by Clive Willis, Iona McCleery, Francisco Fernandes, Shirley Clarke
- Introduction by Rita Costa-Gomes
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- Book:
- The Chronicles of Fernão Lopes
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
- Published online:
- 10 January 2024
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- 20 June 2023, pp 236-237
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Summary
While so much damage was being inflicted on the countryside, with no one preventing it, King Fernando received news of the great harm that those of the fleet were inflicting quite freely around Lisbon, and how Gonçalo Mendes found no way of remedying the situation, nor did he allow the city people to go out, saying that they were charged with guarding the city and nowhere else. The king was very angry at this and said that it seemed that in this matter Gonçalo Mendes was like the servant in the Gospels, to whom his master gave a talent of gold to put at his service and benefit, but he hid it in the ground without doing anything profitable with it, for which reason his master deemed him to be a bad and lazy servant.
‘Gonçalo Mendes,’ said the king, ‘should be judged in the same way: he wished to guard the city, where he was safe from our enemies, and allowed them to destroy the immediate vicinity and the places surrounding it.’ The king then gave orders for him to be removed from command, and in his stead, to guard and defend the city [of Lisbon], and the surrounding countryside, should be sent the Prior of the Hospitallers, Dom Pedro Álvares, together with his brothers: Rodrigo Álvares, known as ‘Small-Eyes’, Nuno Álvares, Diogo Álvares, Fernão Pereira and João Álvares, as well as Rui Pereira and Álvaro Pereira, who were relatives of the prior and his brothers, not to mention Gonçalo Eanes of Castelo de Vide, and other worthy men who were coming with him, who comprised in all 200 mounted lances.
Now it happened that on the day when the prior was to reach the city, coming from Santarém, there came news that some of those from the [enemy] fleet were within the neighbourhood of Sintra, plundering the area and seizing livestock to take back to the ships. The prior and all those with him were glad to receive this news and made their way to where they had reports that the Castilians were heading. Since there were many foot soldiers coming forth in all boldness, as a result of their previous experience, the prior marshalled his men for an ambush.
166 - What happened to Nuno Álvares, as the King of Castile was sitting down to eat, and what the queen said to the king when she had to take leave of him
- Edited by Amélia Hutchinson, University of Georgia, Teresa Amado, Juliet Perkins, King's College London, Philip Krummrich, Morehead State University, Kentucky
- Translated by Clive Willis, Iona McCleery, Francisco Fernandes, Shirley Clarke
- Introduction by Rita Costa-Gomes
-
- Book:
- The Chronicles of Fernão Lopes
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
- Published online:
- 10 January 2024
- Print publication:
- 20 June 2023, pp 282-283
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Summary
On that same day, the hall was arranged in which the king and his wife were to eat, as well as a large number of nobles from Castile and Portugal. Many tables were very finely set out, three of them being the most important: the king’s, placed crosswise and raised, as was fitting, and one on the right and another on the left. Amongst those who were assigned to eat at those tables with other noblemen were Nuno Álvares and Fernão Pereira, his brother. When it was time for them to take their places, out of politeness they did not rush in; but the table where they were to sit was very quickly filled with both Portuguese and Castilians, leaving them without a place, and the others taking no notice of them, although they were quite well known and were dressed for a feast such as this.
When Nuno Álvares saw that the table was full and there was nowhere for them to sit, he said quite angrily to his brother, ‘We are not accorded sufficient honour to stay here any longer. I think we’d better go to our lodgings, but before we go I want to show these fellows who have belittled us and made fun of us, that we’ll have the last laugh.’
Then, moving very sedately, he walked to the end of the table, while King Juan was watching him from where he was sitting; and with his knee, Nuno Álvares knocked down the leg of the table, sending it crashing to the floor. Those sitting at the table were astounded, but Nuno Álvares and his brother left the hall as calmly as if they had done nothing at all. The king, who saw perfectly well what had happened, asked who those men were, and was informed that they were guests and should have been eating at that table, but those who were there had not made room for them to sit down.
‘I can see that they certainly knew how to take their revenge,’ said the king, ‘and whoever in this dining-hall did this in anger at what happened to him, is bound to be capable of much greater things.’
However, the king did not take further action because they were Portuguese, but if they had been Castilian, things might well have turned out differently.
105 - How the prince left Court feeling sorrowful and went to the Minho
- Edited by Amélia Hutchinson, University of Georgia, Teresa Amado, Juliet Perkins, King's College London, Philip Krummrich, Morehead State University, Kentucky
- Translated by Clive Willis, Iona McCleery, Francisco Fernandes, Shirley Clarke
- Introduction by Rita Costa-Gomes
-
- Book:
- The Chronicles of Fernão Lopes
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
- Published online:
- 10 January 2024
- Print publication:
- 20 June 2023, pp 188-189
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Summary
The king left the place where he was and went to the province of the Alentejo. Before his departure, and then afterwards, the prince spoke of his marriage in conversation with the queen and with those to whom it was convenient for him to speak of it. Both the queen, who had no desire for the marriage, and the others, knowing her wishes, made the prince understand that it could not happen as quickly as he wanted since the princess would first have to be disengaged from the Duke of Benavente, to whom she had been betrothed with great assurances, as he knew well. After this, it would be necessary to get a dispensation for their marriage so that it could be as strong and valid as it should be, and this could not be done immediately for the time being but required such preparation and time as was appropriate for such an act. With these and other arguments, they went on deluding him, anointing his lips with sweet words of good hope, in such a way that he gathered from their words and behaviour that this matter would much later or never come to fruition.
Angry at such excuses and delays, the prince left the Court at a place called Vimieiro, took the road for Oporto and went up to the Minho where he wandered for a while. From there, he went to Beira, and while wandering in this way he eventually understood that he was being duped. He started to grow sad and become much aggrieved; so much so that in equal measure to how he had previously left feeling pleased after Dona Maria's death, having taken revenge for a crime that had not been committed, he afterwards frequently drew aside to weep, mourning her death, blaming himself a great deal for the evil he had done. He thus lived a grievous life. His men also had a very bad time of it, for he got few and scanty maintenance payments and grants from the king with the result that they pawned their arms and clothing until they no longer had anything to pawn other than alaunts and running-hounds.
In this state of poverty, the prince made his way to the banks of the River Coa, and there they lived their waste of a life.
24 - How it became known throughout the kingdom that King Pedro was dead, and how King Enrique was received in various places
- Edited by Amélia Hutchinson, University of Georgia, Teresa Amado, Juliet Perkins, King's College London, Philip Krummrich, Morehead State University, Kentucky
- Translated by Clive Willis, Iona McCleery, Francisco Fernandes, Shirley Clarke
- Introduction by Rita Costa-Gomes
-
- Book:
- The Chronicles of Fernão Lopes
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
- Published online:
- 10 January 2024
- Print publication:
- 20 June 2023, pp 51-51
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Summary
A great hubbub broke out in the encampment when once it was known that King Pedro was dead. At that hour too Don Fernando de Castro, Men Rodríguez de Sanabria and Gonzalo González de Ávila were taken prisoner, along with others who had emerged from the castle with the king. He died on 23 March 1369, being at that time thirty-five years and seven months old. He was a well-built man, with a light complexion and fair hair, and spoke with a slight lisp. Until King Enrique was acclaimed king in Calahorra, King Pedro had reigned over his kingdom for a full sixteen years, and then reigned for three more years in contention with him. He was slain just as you have heard and was then taken to Toledo, where he was buried alongside the other kings.
Those who had been in the castle of Montiel all surrendered to King Enrique and handed to him all King Pedro's belongings. Likewise, Toledo, the city which King Enrique had been besieging, surrendered to him. King Enrique left Montiel and journeyed to Seville, which had already proclaimed its support for him, and from there he dispatched all his forces to their respective homes. Moreover, it was confirmed that Ciudad Rodrigo, Zamora, Carmona and a number of other places, all of which had in the past supported King Pedro, did not wish to go over to King Enrique.
The king sent a proposal to Martín López de Córdoba, who called himself the Master of Calatrava, and to the others who were in Carmona with King Pedro's sons, namely that he would transfer the boys and all of their party, together with the treasure, jewellery and all the belongings that were left by King Pedro, either to Portugal, or to Granada, or to England, whichever they preferred, and that they should leave Carmona without further ado. However, they refused to enter into any treaty.
In addition, he had a proposal sent to the Emir of Granada that they should call a truce for a certain period, but the Moorish sovereign rejected it.
162 - How the king sent his excuses to the King of England for the marriage of his daughter which he had arranged
- Edited by Amélia Hutchinson, University of Georgia, Teresa Amado, Juliet Perkins, King's College London, Philip Krummrich, Morehead State University, Kentucky
- Translated by Clive Willis, Iona McCleery, Francisco Fernandes, Shirley Clarke
- Introduction by Rita Costa-Gomes
-
- Book:
- The Chronicles of Fernão Lopes
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
- Published online:
- 10 January 2024
- Print publication:
- 20 June 2023, pp 277-278
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After the queen had departed in this way, King Fernando was worried about the marriage that he had arranged between his daughter and Edward, the son of the Earl of Cambridge, thinking that when it became known in England how he had given her in marriage to the King of Castile, the English would feel that they were being scorned, and would consider that he had broken the pacts and peace alliances that had been signed between the two kings. He decided that it would be advisable to send an apology before they sent him a message regarding this matter. So, when the queen and her retinue had barely travelled a league, the king ordered that a squire named Rui Cravo, who was travelling with the queen, should be called back immediately.
As soon as he arrived in the king's presence, the king took him to one side, saying, ‘I expect you will have already heard that I have made an agreement with the English, and now because of this marriage which I have arranged for my daughter, I should not like the King of England to think that I let him down or have any wish to do so in the agreement which has been made between the two of us. Therefore, prepare to leave for England immediately, and tell my cousin, the king, and the Duke of Lancaster, that I beg them with all my heart not to be angry about this arrangement that has been made, as I did this against my will, and I had no option; however, I consider the pacts and friendship that I made with them to be as strong and binding as ever. Furthermore, despite what has happened, whenever they wish to come to this kingdom and avail themselves of it, I shall be very happy to do whatever I can to be of service to their honour. They should rest assured that, even if they were to behead my own daughter before my eyes because of this matter, I would not be any more affected by this than if she were not my daughter. Nor shall I let them down in any matter which has been settled between them and me.’
Then the king ordered his credentials to be prepared, and the squire immediately left to board a ship bound for England.
134 - How the king and the English left Lisbon and arrived at the city of Évora
- Edited by Amélia Hutchinson, University of Georgia, Teresa Amado, Juliet Perkins, King's College London, Philip Krummrich, Morehead State University, Kentucky
- Translated by Clive Willis, Iona McCleery, Francisco Fernandes, Shirley Clarke
- Introduction by Rita Costa-Gomes
-
- Book:
- The Chronicles of Fernão Lopes
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
- Published online:
- 10 January 2024
- Print publication:
- 20 June 2023, pp 233-234
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Summary
In Lisbon, the king was providing mounts to the English and arranging things that were necessary for the war during the whole of that winter until the following summer. As soon as the English fleet left Lisbon, the king immediately made his way to Santarém with his men. With him went the Earl of Cambridge together with many of his troops, having caused much damage and committed many robberies in the city and its surrounding areas, so much so that some people said that the king very much regretted having asked them to come, in view of the great devastation they were causing to his country.
Do not think that the king delayed or left Lisbon so late because of the English fleet. It was rather a coincidence that, in that week, the naos left Lisbon, and the king left with the queen and all their retinue. They arrived at Santarém, where the king ordered the construction of a bridge of barges across the river so that they could cross more quickly. There he remained until Christmas and a few days afterwards. Before he left, the Count of Ourém, João Afonso Telo, died. At the request of the queen, the county was given to Juan Fernández de Andeiro and thenceforth he was known as Don Juan Fernández, Count of Ourém. At this point, leaving aside the story that we have been following, let us look at certain facts concerning the count because you have not yet learned elsewhere what we wish to say.
You should know that when Juan Fernández lived in La Coruña, Fernán Becerra, a very honourable knight from Galicia, died. His wife, who was left with a son called Juan Becerra, married this Juan Fernández, who was known by the name of ‘de’ Andeiro, although he was her social inferior. Juan Fernández had four daughters and a son by her. One of the daughters, after he became count, was titled Doña Sancha de Andeiro, and she later married Álvaro Gonçalves, the son of Gonçalo Vasques de Azevedo. Another daughter was Doña Teresa, who was wife to Dom Pedro da Guerra, the son of Prince João of Portugal, who married her out of love, much against the will of the prince.